Основанная на исследованиях и академической науке, Cardano внедряет принципы PoS в свою сеть для обеспечения консенсуса. Представим, что мы создаем систему, в которой необходимо выполнить “работу”, чтобы добавить каждый новый блок в цепочку. Эта “работа” сводится к поиску что нужно знать о криптовалюте числа nonce, которое, будучи добавленным к данным блока, дает хеш, начинающийся с определенного количества нулей.
- Однако, если валидаторы неправильно действуют или не соблюдают правила сети, они могут быть подвергнуты штрафам, включая потерю стейка.
- Валидаторы, успешно создающие блоки, получают награды в виде транзакционных сборов или выпуска новых монет.
- Сложность задачи в PoW регулируется автоматически, чтобы среднее время создания нового блока оставалось постоянным, например, 10 минут для Bitcoin.
- Одним из самых значительных событий в истории PoS стал переход Ethereum с PoW на PoS в сентябре 2022 года.
В отличие от PoW, где майнеры тратят огромные объемы вычислительной мощности (и, соответственно, энергии) для решения сложных задач, валидаторы PoS выбираются на основе количества криптовалюты, которую они держат и готовы “заложить” в качестве гарантии. Вместо майнеров, как в PoW, в PoS блоки создаются валидаторами, которые выбираются на основе их доли в сети. Чем больше у вас криптовалюты, тем больше вероятность, что вы будете выбраны для создания нового блока.
Владельцы ADA имеют возможность участвовать в процессе стейкинга, залагая свои монеты в сеть в качестве гарантии своего участия. Они также могут делегировать свои монеты другим участникам сети, чтобы те могли выступать в роли валидаторов. Помимо Bitcoin, существуют и другие криптовалюты, использующие PoW, такие как Bitcoin Cash, которые пытаются улучшить масштабируемость и скорость транзакций по сравнению с Bitcoin, увеличивая размер блока. Валидаторы, успешно создающие блоки, получают награды в виде транзакционных сборов или выпуска https://www.xcritical.com/ новых монет. Однако, если валидаторы неправильно действуют или не соблюдают правила сети, они могут быть подвергнуты штрафам, включая потерю стейка. Процесс выбора валидаторов может зависеть от различных факторов, таких как размер и продолжительность стейка, случайность, использование специальных алгоритмов выбора и других параметров, цель которых обеспечить децентрализацию и безопасность сети.
Вариации Pos
Были определены и решены несколько проблем в дизайне систем PoS, включая начальное распределение монет, потенциал монополизации крупными держателями стейков, уязвимость к 51% атакам и проблему “Ничего на кону”. Майнинговые фермы, использующие огромное количество оборудования, потребляют большое количество электроэнергии, что вызывает обеспокоенность по поводу экологического воздействия. В ответ на это в последнее время появляются альтернативные механизмы консенсуса, такие как Proof of Stake, предлагающие более энергоэффективные решения. На старте блокчейн-технологий стояла задача создания системы, которая могла бы функционировать надежно и без централизованного контроля.
Принцип Работы
Первое упоминание о PoS можно отследить до 2011 года на форумах BitcoinTalk, где он был предложен как более альтернатива для проверки транзакций и обеспечения безопасности сети. Peercoin, запущенный в 2012 году Санни Кингом и Скоттом Наделом, стал первой криптовалютой, реализовавшей PoS, представив гибридную модель, которая также включала PoW для упрощения начального распределения монет. Difficulty_bits определяет сложность задачи (чем выше значение, тем сложнее найти подходящий хеш). В данном случае, система ищет nonce, который, будучи добавленным к header, дает хеш, соответствующий заданной сложности. Cardano – это блокчейн-платформа с открытым исходным кодом, которая разработана с целью предоставить более устойчивый и устойчивый экосистеме криптовалют.
Сложность задачи в PoW регулируется автоматически, чтобы среднее время создания нового блока оставалось постоянным, например, 10 минут для Bitcoin. Когда общая вычислительная мощность сети увеличивается, сложность задачи соответственно повышается, и наоборот. PoW требует от участников сети выполнения сложных вычислительных задач для доказательства того, что они затратили определенное количество вычислительных ресурсов (времени, энергии). В крипте к примеру это означает то, что кто первым решает задачу, получает право добавить новый блок в блокчейн и за это вознаграждается определенным количеством proof of work proof of stake криптовалюты. Для участия в процессе создания блоков владельцы криптовалюты должны заложить (застейкать) свои монеты в сети в качестве гарантии их участия и надежности. В то время как PoW требует вычислительной работы для проверки и добавления новых блоков в цепочку, PoS оперирует на основе участия владельцев криптовалюты, используя их долю (стейк) в сети для принятия решений.
Одним из самых значительных событий в истории PoS стал переход Ethereum с PoW на PoS в сентябре 2022 года. Этот апгрейд, известный как “The Merge”, представлял собой крупный шаг к более устойчивой структуре одной из крупнейших блокчейн-сетей, сократив энергопотребление Ethereum на предполагаемые 99%.
Майнеры соревнуются в решении математических задач, и первый, кто находит решение, может добавить блок в цепочку и получить вознаграждение в виде криптовалюты. Технически, этот процесс включает в себя подбор значения, которое, при прохождении через хеш-функцию вместе с данными предыдущего блока и сети транзакций, даст хеш, соответствующий определенным критериям сложности. Таким образом, создание нового блока требует значительных вычислительных усилий, что делает атаку на сеть экономически нецелесообразной. Основная идея PoS заключается в выборе валидаторов на основе их доли в сети для проверки блоков транзакций.
Идея PoW была впервые предложена в 1993 году Мони Наором и Синтией Дворк как механизм для борьбы с DoS-атаками и спамом. Однако её наиболее известное применение было реализовано в 2009 году с запуском сети Bitcoin, где PoW использовался для достижения консенсуса в децентрализованной сети и для защиты от двойной траты. Cardano имеет трехслойную архитектуру, состоящую из слоя расчета, слоя соглашений и слоя вычислений. Также в Cardano используется протокол Shelley, который внедряет полную децентрализацию в сети, позволяя участникам создавать свои собственные стейк пулы и участвовать в процессе стейкинга более активно.
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